Earthworm: photo, appearance, habitat, reproduction

External structure

Body

The earthworm, or earthworm (Fig. 51) has an elongated body, 10-16 cm long. In cross section, the body is round, but, unlike roundworms, it is divided into 110-180 segments by annular constrictions.

Each segment has 8 small elastic bristles. They are almost invisible, but if we run our fingers from the back end of the worm's body to the front, we will immediately feel them. With these bristles, the worm rests against uneven soil or the walls of the passage when moving. Regeneration in earthworms is well expressed.

Body wall

If we take a worm in our hands, we will find that its body wall is wet and covered with mucus. This mucus makes it easier for the worm to move through the soil. In addition, only through the moist body wall does the oxygen necessary for breathing penetrate into the worm’s body.

Arrangement of the worm house

If you want to start breeding earthworms at home, you need to equip a spacious worm barn in advance. The structure should become a comfortable home for the spineless, where they can live, eat and perform their biological duties.

A wooden box, a trough, an old bathtub and other similar structures can be used as a container. Experienced gardeners recommend placing high-quality open compost in the container. However, the ground must be protected with netting to prevent mass consumption of eukaryotes by birds and other natural enemies.

Proper worm care involves preparing suitable fertile soil. About 40 centimeters of compost should be placed at the bottom of the box, after which it should be filled with warm water. Next, you should create a straw bedding and wait a few days until the substances are completely absorbed. After completing these steps, you can put the worm into operation.

Finding the first group of worms to move is not difficult. It is enough to go to your own garden or vegetable garden and dig up a small layer of soil. Individuals living in the upper layers tolerate movement into the worm nest better than all others. Invertebrates are also sold in specialized gardening stores.

Settlement is carried out in several stages. The first thing a gardener needs to do is dig a small hole and then place a bucket of worms there. After this, the animals are covered with straw or burlap. In a week you will be able to notice the first results of the worms taking root.

To prevent the death of the colony, it is necessary to regularly monitor them. If the creatures demonstrate an active lifestyle, it means that they have managed to settle down normally , and everything is fine with them.

To improve adaptation to the new environment, the worms need to be fed only after 3-4 weeks. However, the heated liquid should be placed in the worm chamber at least twice a week.

Habitat

Earthworm and its movement in the soil. The anterior end of the earthworm's body from below.

During the day, earthworms stay in the soil, making tunnels in it. If the soil is soft, the worm penetrates it with the front end of its body. At the same time, he first compresses the front end of the body so that it becomes thin, and pushes it forward between the lumps of soil. Then the front end thickens, pushing the soil apart, and the worm pulls up the rear part of the body.

In dense soil, the worm can eat its way through the soil through its intestines. Lumps of soil can be seen on the surface of the soil - they are left here by worms. After heavy rain has flooded their passages, the worms are forced to crawl out to the surface of the soil (hence the name - earthworm). In summer, worms stay in the surface layers of the soil, and in winter they dig burrows up to 2 m deep.

Earthworm: description

Earthworms belong to the suborder of oligochaete worms, representing an independent order “Haplotacidae”. Many European species belong to the family "Lumbricidae", which includes about 200 species. The English naturalist Charles Darwin was the first to talk about the purpose of earthworms in 1882.

After precipitation, the minks of these creatures are flooded with water, and they have to crawl out so as not to suffocate, as a result of which they received such an interesting name. Being deep in the soil, they enrich the soil with humus and saturate it with oxygen, which leads to an increase in the yield of agricultural and other crops.

Europeans at one time dried worms and ground them into powder, after which they applied this powder to all kinds of wounds to heal them faster. Worms were also infused, after which tuberculosis and even cancer were treated with tinctures. A decoction of worms relieved ear pain. They were also boiled in wine and jaundice was treated with this decoction. They were infused with oils and tried to fight rheumatism with this tincture.

In the 18th century, a doctor from Germany used powder from crushed worms in the treatment of epilepsy. Such worms have been actively used in folk medicine in many countries in the treatment of various ailments, including the treatment of atherosclerosis. Traditional healers of Russia practiced the treatment of various eye diseases, including cataracts.

Interesting moment! The aboriginal people of Australia still eat certain types of large worms, and the Japanese even today believe that urinating on an earthworm can increase the size of their manhood.

Invertebrates are divided into 3 main natural species, depending on the nature of their habitat:

Epiqeic - found in the upper layers of the earth and do not dig holes.
Endqic - live in branched horizontal burrows, which they dig themselves.
Anecic - prefer to feed on fermented organic matter, while digging vertical passages.

Appearance and features

Depending on the variety, the length of earthworms can reach up to 2 centimeters, and sometimes up to 3 meters. In this case, the number of segments can range from 80 to 300 pieces, and the segments themselves are covered with short hairs, the number of which can vary from several units to several dozen pieces. When moving, the hairs serve as a kind of support for the worms. In each segment you can find:

Skin cells.
Longitudinal muscles.
Liquid filling the cavity.
Circular muscles.
Bristles.

When different types of muscles work, worms can not only move through burrows, but also dig holes due to the work of the circular muscles, which allows the worms to push the soil to the sides. Oxygen saturation is carried out due to the work of sensitive cells of the skin. In this case, the skin is covered with a layer of mucus, which contains various enzymes and antiseptics.

Worms have a closed circulatory system and consists of two main blood vessels: dorsal and abdominal. The color of the blood is red and it also flows through ring vessels that are connected to each other by a system of capillaries. Some vessels participate in the movement of blood, so they can contract and pulsate.

The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and gizzard. First, the food ends up in the pharynx, and then through the chain it enters the muscular stomach. The digestion process takes place in the midgut, after which nutrients are absorbed and the remainder is excreted through the anus. The nervous system of the arthropod includes the ventral nerve cord, which is connected to the peripharyngeal ring, as well as a pair of nerve ganglia. This structure of the nervous system allows individual segments to gain independence, while all organs work in harmony.

The excretory system consists of thin curved tubes, one end of which goes out. If too many toxins have accumulated, they are eliminated through excretory pores, as well as metanephridia. Worms do not have visual organs, but they have light-sensitive cells on their skin. The skin also contains other organs. Worms have unique regenerative qualities that allow them to restore lost body parts.

►The amazing inhabitants of the “Earthworms” garden (documentary)

Habitat

There are worms that live in the thickness of the earth, where they find food for themselves, and also worms that find food for themselves on the surface of the earth and do not burrow into the ground deeper than a couple of tens of centimeters. As a rule, this type of worms is called soil-litter worms.

Earthworms are capable of descending to a depth of 1 meter, or even deeper. It is not so easy to meet them on the surface of the earth, since even the mating process takes place in the thickness of the earth.

Earthworms live everywhere, with the exception of areas with permafrost. Any species of worms prefer to live in conditions where the soil is waterlogged, so they are much more likely to be found near bodies of water, in swampy areas, and in areas with a humid climate.

Interesting to know! As a result of human economic activity, many species of worms are found today in larger areas, compared to several centuries ago, when only a few species were found in the same vast areas.

These invertebrates quickly adapt to different climatic conditions, as well as the nature of the soil. They feel comfortable in green areas, representing both coniferous and deciduous forests. With the onset of heat, they rise from the depths closer to the surface of the earth.

What do they eat?

Their diet consists of half-rotten remains of various plants, which end up in the mouthparts of the worms along with the soil. The soil, passing through the midgut, is mixed with organic components. As a result, the soil that is wormed out contains 5 times more nitrogen, 7 times more phosphorus and 11 times more potassium, compared to soil that has not undergone the worm process.

In addition to rotting plant debris, earthworms feed on rotting animal remains, lettuce, manure, insects, watermelon rinds, etc. It should be noted that worms avoid components with alkaline and acidic reactions. The diet of worms depends on their variety. Worms that are active at night feed exclusively at night. As a rule, they eat exclusively the pulp of the leaves, leaving the veins.

In any case, in order to digest food, they begin to dig the ground, since food is always mixed with soil. Red worms prefer to be on the surface of the earth to find food for themselves. If the soil contains a low concentration of organic matter, then the worms have to migrate in search of more suitable conditions for their life.

It wouldn't hurt to know! In a day, earthworms eat as many food components by weight as they weigh themselves.

Earthworms are quite slow creatures, so they do not have time to process plant food on the surface of the earth. They drag food items into their burrows, saturate them with organic matter and store them in order to feed the entire family. Some individuals dig separate burrows for themselves to store food and often visit these storage facilities. Due to the special structure of the stomach, food is crushed into very small fragments.

Leaves for spineless animals serve not only as a source of food. They use leaves to close the entrances to their burrows. In addition to leaves to cover the entrances to burrows, dried inflorescences, grass stems, feathers, fragments of paper, wool, etc. can be seen near their burrows. Therefore, it is not at all surprising if remains of leaves or bird feathers stick out from their burrows.

Behavior and lifestyle

Earthworms prefer to lead an underground lifestyle, creating underground burrows up to 1 meter deep, although there are species that go deeper than 8 meters. In addition to safety concerns, the worms mix and moisten the soil. They push some of the soil to the sides, and swallow some of it in order to enrich it with useful components that increase the yield of various crops.

Due to the presence of a thin layer of mucus on the surface of the body, worms easily move through even the hardest soil. The skin is so thin that it dries quickly when exposed to sunlight, so they cannot remain in such conditions for a long time, otherwise they may die. In this regard, earthworms can be seen either in cloudy weather or at night.

It is not at all surprising when, at night, entire clusters of earthworms are found on the ground. To appear on the surface of the earth, they stick out part of their body from their burrow. After reconnaissance, if nothing threatens, the worms completely crawl out of their holes in search of food.

The body of earthworms is quite elastic and can stretch without problems. The bristles perform exclusively protective functions. To understand this, it’s worth trying to pull an earthworm out of its hole. It is not so easy. Of course, if you apply some effort, you can, although you can tear the worm as it tries to hold on to the edges of the burrow with the help of its bristles.

If we talk about the benefits of earthworms, they are so significant that you can’t even imagine how such creatures cope with such enormous, almost invaluable work. With the onset of cold weather, the worms sink to a considerable depth, but with the arrival of spring and the gradual warming of the soil, the worms begin to move along their passages, beginning their labor activity for the benefit of humanity.

Social structure and reproduction

Worms are hermaphrodites, since each individual has both male and female reproductive organs, and the process of reproduction is carried out through cross-fertilization. During the fertilization process, the worms exchange sperm.

Interesting moment! The mating process of these invertebrates lasts up to 3 hours. The process begins with individuals climbing into holes with their relatives and mating 17 times in a row, with each sexual act lasting up to 1 hour.

The reproductive system of worms is located in the front part of the body, and the sperm are located in the seminal receptacles. When the mating process takes place, 32 segments secrete a special mucus that promotes the formation of an egg cocoon, consisting of a protein liquid necessary for the development of embryos.

The spineless lay eggs in this cocoon, and after a couple of weeks small worms appear in it, protected from all kinds of external influences. After a few months, the small worms grow to adult size. As a rule, no more than one cub is born, whose life expectancy is no more than 7 years.

The Taiwanese species "Amynthas catenus" lacks reproductive organs, so their reproduction process is associated with parthenogenesis. As a result, up to 100% of the genetic material is transmitted to the offspring, which leads to the birth of clones. The parent in this case is both father and mother.

Natural enemies of earthworms

Earthworm populations are greatly influenced by various natural phenomena such as floods, frosts, droughts, etc., as well as by various predators whose diet includes earthworms.

These predators include:

Krotov.
Small predators.
Amphibians.
Centipedes.
Feathered.
Horse leeches.

Especially large quantities of worms are eaten by moles, who also make reserves for the winter. Moles simply bite off the worms' heads or severely damage them so that the worms cannot crawl away. Large red worms are considered the most popular for moles.

Small mammals also prey on worms. Frogs hunt for worms at night, waiting for them at their burrows. As soon as the worm's head is above the ground, the frog is right there.

For many birds, earthworms are a source of food. Birds have quite sharp eyesight and can easily see the tips of worms that emerge from burrows. Therefore, birds manage to pull out a worm every morning with the help of their sharp beak. Birds not only hunt adult individuals, but also pick up cocoons with eggs.

Horse leeches, which are found in any body of water, do not attack people or large animals because their jaws are quite blunt. They cannot bite through thick skin, but they can easily deal with worms. At autopsy, the remains of worms were found in the stomach of these creatures.

Digestive system

Internal structure of an earthworm.
Digestive, nervous, circulatory system of an earthworm. The mouth is located at the anterior end of the earthworm's body; the anus is on the back.

The earthworm feeds on rotting plant debris, which it swallows along with the soil. It can also drag fallen leaves from the surface. Food is swallowed as a result of contraction of the muscles of the pharynx. The food then enters the intestines. Undigested remains, along with soil, are expelled through the anus at the rear end of the body.

The intestines are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries, which ensures the absorption of nutrients into the blood.

The role of vermicompost for soil fertility

American farmers were the first to draw attention to the possibility of using earthworms for processing organic matter. They used them to obtain biomass and expand the diet of domestic animals and birds.

It has been proven that when using vermicompost, the yield of vegetables increases several times. The ripening of the crop is also accelerated by 10-15 days. All thanks to the soil that passes through the esophagus and then contains all the mineral elements and complex compounds necessary for plants. In addition, vermicompost is useful because

reduces the number of pests in the garden,
binds heavy metal residues and removes residual radiation,
increases yield without the use of chemical fertilizers.

Circulatory system

All secondary cavities have a circulatory system, starting with annelids. Its occurrence is associated with a mobile lifestyle (compared to flat and protocavitary worms). The muscles of annelids work more actively and therefore require more nutrients and oxygen, which the blood brings them.

The earthworm (Fig. 52) has two main blood vessels: the dorsal, through which blood moves from the rear end of the body to the front, and the abdominal, through which blood flows in the opposite direction. Both vessels in each segment are connected by ring vessels.

Several thick annular vessels are muscular; due to their contraction, blood moves. Muscular vessels (“hearts”) located in segments 7–11 push blood into the abdominal vessel. In the “hearts” and spinal vessels, valves prevent blood from flowing back.

From the main vessels, thinner ones depart, which then branch into the smallest capillaries. These capillaries receive oxygen through the surface of the body and nutrients from the intestines. From the capillaries that branch in the muscles, carbon dioxide and decay products are released.

Blood moves all the time through the vessels and does not mix with the cavity fluid. Such a circulatory system is called closed. Blood contains hemoglobin, which is able to carry more oxygen; she is reddish.

A closed circulatory system allows you to significantly increase your metabolic rate. In annelids it is twice as high as in flatworms, which do not have a blood pumping system.

Useful on the farm

Earthworms by their “profession” are natural soil looseners that optimize the soil structure and increase the level of fertility. When moving around the site, individuals make long, deep passages and holes. They stabilize air exchange through root systems and seeds. Invertebrates consume rotten grass and leaves, and dirt as food. This is a good prevention against the development of harmful insects and diseases. They saturate the soil with substances necessary for plants from the periodic table, such as:

nitrogen,
calcium,
phosphorus,
magnesium.

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Excretory system

The structure of an earthworm in longitudinal and transverse sections. Paired tubules of the excretory system are visible

The excretory system of an earthworm consists of paired tubes in each body segment (with the exception of the terminal ones) (Fig. 53).

At the end of each tube there is a funnel that opens as a whole, through which the final waste products (represented mainly by ammonia) are discharged out.

Subtleties of proper care

To extend the lifespan of earthworms, they need to be properly cared for, providing comfortable conditions for development and reproductive functions. The key rules of care are to ensure a comfortable temperature, shade and stable access to food.

Professional gardeners recommend enriching compost manure with sand or crushed eggshells. Dry food is added to the soil approximately once every two weeks, but it is important to take precautions here so as not to overfeed the worms.

If you want to start breeding creatures at home, you need to remember that worms process almost everything that catches their eye. The main thing is that the products are small in size, because invertebrates do not have teeth.

Before replenishing the worm house with new food, you need to make sure that the previous organic matter is completely destroyed. If this is not the case, the animals will suffer from oversaturation and die. Leaving organic compounds in the compost will negatively impact the acidity levels, leading to deadly conditions. In addition, excess food supply contributes to the development of pests such as mites.

Caring for worms is relatively easy, but some requirements must be met. Only under such conditions will breeding a home farm bring the expected success.

Nervous system

The nervous system of the earthworm (Fig. 52) is of the nodal type, consisting of a peripharyngeal nerve ring and an ventral nerve cord.

The ventral nerve cord contains giant nerve fibers that, in response to signals, cause the worm's muscles to contract. Such a nervous system ensures the coordinated work of the muscle layers associated with the digging, locomotor, feeding and sexual activity of the earthworm.

№7

As many people know, earthworms have the ability to regenerate lost segments. However, it is immediately worth noting that this ability is far from what we imagined. Since childhood, we have known that if you cut a worm into two parts, you get two new individuals. This is actually a myth. If you split the worm into two parts, the head part (the part where the head is) can survive and grow its own tail. But the tail part will not be able to grow a new head. She dies.

However, there are exceptions where the tail begins to grow new segments, but it ends up being a second tail. Accordingly, this part cannot survive and also dies. Therefore, stories that if a worm is divided into two, five, fifteen parts and new individuals will be obtained are a myth.

Reproduction and development

Earthworms are hermaphrodites. During the process of copulation of two individuals, mutual fertilization occurs, that is, the exchange of male gametes, after which the partners separate.

The ovaries and testes are located in different segments at the anterior end of the body. The location of the reproductive organ system is shown in Figure 51. After copulation, a belt is formed around each worm - a dense tube that secretes the cocoon shell.

The cocoon receives nutrients that the embryos will subsequently feed on. As a result of the expansion of the rings located behind the cocoon, it is pushed forward towards the head end.

At this time, 10-12 eggs are laid through the opening of the oviduct into the cocoon. Further, when the cocoon moves, sperm from the sperm receptacles received from another individual during copulation enters it, and fertilization occurs.

After this, the cocoon slides off the worm and its holes quickly close. This prevents the eggs it contains from drying out. The development of earthworms is direct, that is, they do not have larvae; a young worm hatches from the egg.

Composting organic materials

Composting is a mandatory technological operation during which complex biochemical (enzymatic) processes of decomposition of plant residues occur. For example, fiber, a complex polymer of sugars, breaks down into monosaccharides that are easily digestible by any microorganisms; proteins of complex amino acid composition break down into amino acids, which are also necessary for the synthesis of proteins of living and reproducing bacteria; ammonia nitrogen from urea, uric acid and other nitrogen-containing products excreted by animals is decomposed to ammonia in the form of products that are easily digestible by nitrophytic thermophilic bacteria; animal and vegetable fats are broken down into fatty acids necessary for the life of microbial associations and soil zoofauna. During composting, a high temperature rises in the decomposing material, which is destructive for weed seeds, spore forms of pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs, nematodes, soil fungi, etc., while at the same time especially favorable conditions are created for the development of soil thermophilic nitrogen-fixing microflora. In the decomposing organic matter, the process of formation of animal protein (microbial biomass) and humus occurs.

Compostable materials thus become accessible, easily digestible food for the soil animal community. The main and most numerous species among this community are earthworms. Compost is intended to feed them.

Composting of organic-containing materials occurs only in piles. Many peasants and owners of personal plots compost organic waste in so-called compost pits. However, this is not composting, but ensiling (a completely different biochemical process associated with the formation of acidic decomposition products).

In order for the pile to be sufficiently saturated with air, its height must be 1.5...2 m. The pile is laid in the form of a pyramid or, if there is a lot of organic matter, in the form of a triangular prism.

To prevent heat loss and ensure conditions for the occurrence of biothermal processes in the surface layers of the mixture, it is better to cover the piles with prepared compost 5...20 cm thick in the summer and 30...40 cm in the winter.

When laying a pile of composted organic matter, you can add complex chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) at the following rate: per 1 ton of composted materials add 2...3 kg of double superphosphate, 1 kg of potassium sulfate, 2...3 kg of ammonium sulfate, 1 kg of magnesium sulfate, 60 g of boric acid or sodium borate, 3...5 kg of ground gypsum (chalk, lime, dolomite flour). Potassium chloride and other chlorides should not be used. In the soil, they decompose with the release of chlorine and form organochlorine compounds - dioxins, which are very toxic and dangerous for all living things. All this must be distributed evenly over the surface of the collar. After this, you should moisten the pile well (up to 60% humidity) and cover it with an insulating layer of old compost or just a layer of earth. The composted mass begins to warm up, and after 5...7 days in summer the temperature inside the pile reaches 53°C and above, in winter - after 7...10 days.

The second main biological component (after microbial) in compost processing technology is the productive species of dung (compost) earthworm. This species is widespread and easily adapts to various organic-containing substrates.

The second feature of worm cultivation is associated with the danger of violating sanitary and veterinary rules that occur when buying and selling worms. Worms are animals and are subject to animal quarantine regulations when making a purchase or sale.

Newly emerged juveniles of process worms are distinguished from nematodes by the presence of a red spinal blood vessel running along the entire body, which is clearly visible.

The presence of a nematode in a substrate with technological worms is determined simply: it is necessary to place the test substrate in a loose form in a clean glass jar. If there are nematodes in it - white worms, 1...3 mm long, thin, like threads, stick to the glass and “wave” their tail end. They must be examined with a magnifying glass.

The third feature of technological worms that sellers and buyers should remember is their fairly strict adherence to feeding on a substrate of a certain recipe. Technological worms always painfully tolerate the replacement of one substrate with another, which is accompanied by their death or a sharp decrease in their productivity, even with such a seemingly insignificant replacement of one nutrient substrate (compost based on cattle manure) with another substrate (compost based on bedding manure from a neighboring calf barn ). The manure of calves fed with milk contains large amounts of protein. This protein is poorly (slowly) fermented (decomposed) when such manure is composted, which manifests itself in a toxic effect on worms that are not adapted to consume it.

An even greater risk of losing purchased worms arises when they colonize a completely foreign substrate, for example; compost based on pig, horse, chicken manure, etc. Their settlement is possible only with cocoons of future technological worms. Worms emerging from cocoons, with the first sip of food, receive information that configures their digestive system to process food only of a given component composition. This miracle of nature is akin to the appearance of immunity in an animal to the introduction of a foreign antigen into its body, for example, an anti-diphtheria vaccine or some other vaccine. After vaccination, as is known, a given organism becomes protected from diphtheria, measles or plague, etc. Likewise, newborn worms, having tasted their first food, become only consumers of it, and not of anything else. You need to know and remember this.

Re-adaptation of the digestive system of adult worms from one food to another is a painful process and is often associated with their death.

№11

They are quite voracious creatures. They can eat anywhere from ½ of their body weight to their entire body weight each day. For example, if we compared their gluttony with a person, then a person with a body weight of 70 kg could eat from 35 to 70 kg of food per day.

Each earthworm can process about 4.5 kg of organic material per year.