Black soldier fly: breeding an insect for medical purposes. What does a fly larvae farm look like? What do they do with them?

— If you add 3 grams of such protein to the feed, then the piglet, for example, eats 10% less feed, grows better and does not get sick. Due to the natural component in the diet, immunity is increased, and there is no need to use antibiotics,” explains the scientist.

People can take the same protein in capsules to normalize intestinal function, for example, or to relieve various allergic reactions.

After the vital activity of the larvae, zoohumus is obtained. It can also be used for seedlings and growing plants. In Europe, Gennady Ivanov and his partners have already registered it as an organic fertilizer.

Features of the insect

The black soldier fly is a large fly from the soldier fly family (Stratiomyia chamaeleon).
It does not have a clearly defined habitat, as it is found everywhere. The black soldier fly visually does not at all resemble ordinary flies. A feature of the insect is its poorly developed oral apparatus, which is why the fly is only able to drink.

Black soldier fly on a leaf

The main purpose of an adult is procreation, since it is the black soldier fly larvae that are of interest.

Another feature of the fly is sexual dimorphism. This means that there are no characteristic differences between males and females in this species. This also applies to the size of the fly: it largely depends on the amount of food consumed by the larva.

Breeding for medical purposes

Black soldier fly larvae have healing properties. Therefore, insects are specially bred in incubators. To successfully grow larvae, you need to provide a temperature of +260C and a humidity level of 80%. They also need an organic substrate for feeding and pupation.

Breeding

The main healing properties of the larvae of the Black soldier fly:

reduce the likelihood of developing malignant tumors;
have an antiviral effect;
slow down skin aging processes;
enhance the regeneration of the epidermis;
relieve inflammation.

For medical purposes, biomass is used in dried form, adding it to tinctures and creams. The shelf life of such a product is 3-4 years.

Features of adults

The black soldier fly also has other names - Hermetia illucens or Black Soldier Fly. The insect is found everywhere: more than a hundred species of such flies live in the forests of northern Eurasia alone. Large-scale production of soldier fly larvae has been established in Russia. The natural distribution area is North and South America.

The insect is neither in appearance nor in behavior like its annoying relatives. Due to the absence, or rather poorly developed and intended exclusively for drinking, mouthparts, the soldier fly does not feed at all. The only occupation of the newly born individual is procreation.

Individuals of the soldier fly species are characterized by the presence of sexual dimorphism. There are no obvious sexual differences between males and females, although the latter are usually much larger. However, in most cases, the size of flies depends on the amount of food consumed by the larva, as a result of which both males and females can have similar biometric indicators.

On a note!
After mating, the female lays from 5 to 8 hundred eggs in places where there is food available for her future offspring. Which takes no more than 7 days.

Black soldier fly and its larvae

Appearance

The color of the Black Lion fly resembles a wasp. Its wide, rounded abdomen with alternating black and yellow stripes especially attracts attention. The insect's chest and head are dark, and its limbs are light in color. Unlike the wasp, Hermetia illucens has only one pair of wings, which are smoky black. They have a dense structure and are covered with membranes.

The head of adults is short and wide. The eyes are set in different directions. The Black Soldier fly has elongated, segmented antennae on its forehead. They are 2 times longer than the head. Moreover, the last segment of the mustache differs significantly from the others in size. And at the end it has bristles sticking up. The legs of the Black Lionfly are short, the abdomen is yellow on the underside.

The oral apparatus is weakly expressed, of the licking type. It is intended purely for drinking. Therefore, an adult insect does not bite or sting.

Reproduction and life cycle

In the Black Soldier fly, like other dipterans, the development process occurs with complete transformation. The life cycle of an insect consists of stages: egg, larva, prepupa, pupa and adult. Its duration is about 50 days.

After mating, the female lays eggs on the leaves and stems of plants near bodies of water. Their size is about 0.8-1 mm, and their color is white-yellow. At one time, the fly lays 500-800 eggs. On days 5-7, larvae emerge from them, which subsequently pupate and turn into adults.

Spreading

The black soldier fly was originally distributed in subtropical and tropical latitudes. South America is considered its homeland. Subsequently, the insect was transported by man to all continents.

Distribution

This species is native to the Neotropical kingdom, but in recent decades has spread across all continents, becoming virtually cosmopolitan. It is present in much of the United States and Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy, Croatia, Malta, the Canary Islands and Switzerland, on the Russian Black Sea coast in Krasnodar Krai. [2] It can also be found in the Afrotropical Kingdom, Australasian Kingdom, Eastern Palaearctic Kingdom, Nearctic Kingdom, North Africa, Southern Africa, and Indomalayan Kingdom. [3] [4]

Features of the larvae

After 3-5 days, tiny individuals appear from the eggs laid by the female, their length is about 3 mm. They are white, yellow or light brown in color, the cover is saturated with calcium carbonate. This is a kind of protection for larvae and pupae, which subsequently forms inside the shell. They feed on detritus and live mainly in soil and water bodies.

Black soldier fly and its larvae

On a note!
Some of their varieties normally exist in ant nests, manure, rotting wood - and this is their food.

Nutrition of black soldier fly larvae

The feeding process of the larvae deserves special attention; they have an excellent appetite. The tiny head has a beak-like appendage with two movable, jagged, brush-like organs. The beak-shaped process also has one more function: the ability to move the larva along the bottom of the reservoir. It clings to the unevenness and thus moves.

Black fly larvae are not picky about feeding; they feed on absolutely everything that comes their way. This could be: fish, meat, pork and poultry manure. Pig manure is more nutritious for them than cow or horse manure. The quality of manure processing is in many ways superior to manure fly maggots. The difference between black fly larvae and annelids is that they even feed on unfermented fresh foods. The only thing these larvae do not feed on is cellulose. After the larvae process the manure heap, the compost remains and the worms feed on it.

On a note!
The substrate can contain up to 100,000 individuals, resembling a large aggregation of maggots. Such a population can literally process up to 95 percent of various waste in one garbage can in just a few hours, not to mention other sources of their food.

Larval development

The first stage of development is about 14 days, during which time they grow up to 5 mm, but in the presence of favorable conditions for them. The next stage of development lasts ten days, their size doubles. At the third stage, this is the prepupa process, the larvae already reach a size of 20 mm, the color changes to dark brown. This process continues for about 8 days. The cover becomes dense and tough.

Life cycle and breeding for medicinal purposes

As a result of mating, the female is able to lay 500 – 800 eggs.

Soldier fly farm

For laying, the fly selects places in the immediate vicinity of the food supply so that the larva that emerges from the cocoon does not starve.

From the moment of laying to the emergence of the larvae, no more than a week passes. But most often they leave the eggs on the third to fifth day. Body length – no more than 3 mm. Color – yellowish, light brown or completely white.

The first stage of development, characterized by slight growth of the larvae, lasts two weeks. During this period they grow up to 5 mm.

For the second stage - duration 10 days - an active increase in body size is typical.

Growth of the Hermetia illucens pupa

The larva reaches 10 mm.

The third stage (prepupa) lasts 8 days. At this time, the larvae eat a lot and grow quickly: the size reaches 20 mm. The first molt occurs: the original color changes to a dark brown hue. The shell becomes hard and dense.

In the form of a pupa, the black soldier fly larva lives 10–11 days. The adult fly then emerges from the cocoon. The breeding cycle repeats again.

Black soldier fly larvae are widely used in medicine and cosmetology.

A healing infusion of black soldier fly and larval meal, prepared in vodka, has powerful stimulating properties. The product is recommended for use as a prevention of cancer and viral pathologies.
Adding the prepared larval mass to a cosmetic cream promotes active rejuvenation of skin cells, eliminating age-related and facial wrinkles.
Applying flour from dry black soldier fly larvae to wound surfaces promotes rapid regeneration of damaged tissue. There are no inflammatory processes.

Animals compete with people for food

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that in 2022, the number of people suffering from malnutrition in the world increased again - to 821 million people. This means that automation, digitalization, as well as selection, genetics and other sciences working to intensify agriculture do not keep up with the needs of a growing population. Meanwhile, by 2050, the world's population will reach nine billion people, and in order to feed it, food production must increase by two thirds. At the current rate of growth of the global agricultural industry, FAO predicts an annual food deficit of up to 30 million tons. We are increasing the number of livestock, its productivity, as well as the area under crops and the quality of edible plants, but neither now nor in the future this will solve the problem of hunger. The fact is that traditional livestock farming accounts for two-thirds of all agricultural land, including a third of it for crops for livestock feed. In fact, animals compete with people for food, as well as for the energy resources that we spend on its production, ruining the environment.

Against this background, in developed agricultural countries over the past five to ten years, the production of protein (protein) from certain types of insects as feed additives and food additives for humans has been intensively developing. In particular, the production of proteins from mealworms, larvae of some types of flies, grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches is cheaper than from cereals and oilseeds, while they exceed the latter in amino acid content and degree of absorption, which allows fish and animals to grow faster and, most importantly, much less pain.

Since the market is new, there are few accurate estimates yet. But according to an analysis by the global consulting company CB Insights and Crunchbase, from 2009 to 2022, more than fifty startup companies appeared around the world that received venture funding for projects related to insect protein for food and feed purposes. Of these, 42 are European companies that received the most investments - $277 million. Large Chinese companies that have traditionally bred cockroaches for medicinal purposes have also begun to switch to feed additives in the last ten years. According to the marketing company Qyresearch, last year the total volume of the insect protein market was only $1.13 billion; over the past five years, it has grown in volume like no other significant segment in agriculture - almost six times, to 580.2 thousand tons of dry protein (no fat). In terms of consumption of feed and food dry protein from insects last year, the USA and Canada, Europe were in the lead, and only then came the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, South America, the Middle East and Africa. In Europe and the USA, only last year insect feed additives were allowed on an industrial scale for use in aquaculture and poultry farming; they will be allowed in pig farming next year, followed by cattle producers (in most other countries it is allowed to be used everywhere). Consequently, we can expect a multiple higher consumption of protein from insects in these countries, which are already leaders in procurement (mainly for hunting farms and domestic animals). The top three manufacturers in terms of production volume are AgriProtein (South Africa), Enterra Protix (Canada) and Biosystems (Netherlands). They prefer to work with the black soldier fly variety (Hermetia illctns), the advantages of which are that its larvae contain more amino acids than any other insects, while they are almost 100% digestible, and the fly itself is unpretentious in nutrition and happily reproduces as on pure plant raw materials and on any waste, including biological, which allows agricultural holdings to make additional money on the disposal of organic waste. At the same time, the black soldier fly is not a carrier of infections due to its high antibiotic properties (the infection dies on it). Including the leader of the new AgriProtein business, its former main shareholder and patriarch of the IT industry, Bill Gates, also invested.

The world leader in the production of proteins from fly larvae, AgriProtein (South Africa), is ready to supply its equipment to the Russian startup NordTechSad, which uses manual labor, in exchange for its unique technology for producing more product at minimal cost

Is there any benefit from black flies and their larvae?

Animals and poultry feed on them; they are rich in calcium and are considered a highly valuable substance. The undoubted benefit is that after flies settle in the waste, nothing remains after them. Therefore, the issue of selling manure is resolved on its own. This also applies to the disposal of hazardous organic accumulations.

Interesting!
The process of composting by soldier flies takes about seven days. If we mention the traditional process, it takes several years, earthworms cope with this task in 90 days.

The larvae crush the waste, extracting nutrients from it, resulting in a large pile of waste being reduced by 80 percent, leaving only humus.

Black fly larvae are often used by fishermen to feed fish. They are also eaten by chameleons, reptiles, bats, aquarium fish, toads, and spiders. Another advantage is that they are absolutely not interested in being close to humans.

Aeroponics and roses under the snow

In a small room there are aeroponic installations for growing plants - this is another direction in Gennady Ivanov’s business and the last route of our excursion. Similar systems are used, for example, in Moscow in Zaryadye Park. Only there are their own working solutions, and here are their own. The installations look like racks with holes for cuttings.

— Plants are placed in these holes, their roots hang in the air. The nutrient solution is automatically injected and the lighting is turned on. This allows plants to be propagated all year round and in large quantities. Our two-tier installation produces about 1,600 plants from one and a half square meters for every 10 days of rooting. In this case, a person is not needed at all. There is also a second type of installation, where we grow potato tubers, strawberries and other crops,” explains the scientist.

Cuttings are taken from mother plants. They grow in a nursery in open ground. What is there: beautiful roses and hydrangeas, blooming until the first snow, Japanese quince, different types of barberry, Daurian birch from the Far East with carved leaves, purple, as if engulfed in fire, Diabolo bladderwrack, a whole ridge of phlox and other strange and not much of a plant. There are more than 300 varieties in total.

Breeding fly larvae in honeycombs

Place the cells on both sides of the general structure. This form is economical and effective for the construction of honeycombs. The horizontal diameter of a bee cell is 5.3-5.7 mm (there are about 4 cells per 1 square centimeter), depth is 10-12 mm. The thickness of combs with unsealed brood is on average 22 mm, and after they are sealed up to 25 mm or more. The cell volume is about 0.28 cubic centimeters.

After mating, the female lays fertilized eggs at the bottom of the honeycomb cells, where they remain dormant for 3 days. In the cells of used honeycombs there is food in the form of residues from honey; the larvae will feed on it.

CONTENT

1 Distribution
2 Description
3 Life cycle
4 Relevance and use in humans 4.1 As decomposers/composting
4.2 As feed
4.3 For food
4.4 For lubricant production
4.5 For the production of chitin
4.6 In bioremediation
4.7 Farming 4.7.1 Larval colonies
4.7.2 Space and form
4.7.3 Heating
4.7.4 Light
4.7.5 Humidity
4.7.6 Black soldier fly larvae and red worms
4.7.7 Names and trademarks

5 Possible Natural Enemies

6 See also

7 links

8 External links

Female fertility

Flies acquire the ability to fertilize the day after their birth. Young females lay about 70 eggs at a time, more mature individuals - up to 120 eggs. Fly eggs are oval, off-white in color, no more than 1 mm in size. They are always located in groups. Photos of fly eggs can be seen below.

Flies at the adult stage live from 14 days to 2 months, depending on climatic conditions. During its life it manages to lay about 2 thousand eggs. They begin to be active in early spring, when the air temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius. At the end of September and October, with a decrease in climatic indicators, the insect goes into hibernation. Flies, larvae, and pupae overwinter.

Horseflies

Horseflies are a large family of dipterans (there are about 130 species in the USSR), in which the most famous genera are true horseflies (Tabanus), lacewings (Chrysops) and rainflies (Chrysozona, Haematopota). In the dormitory, horseflies are constantly mixed with gadflies, which are a completely different group of insects.

The true horsefly (Tabanus) in its adult state is well known to everyone. Looks like a large, big-eyed fly. The horsefly quietly lands on the unprotected skin of a person who detects its presence, suddenly feeling a sharp pain from the injection. In hot, dry times, horseflies hover in flocks around horses and cows, tormenting them with their stings. In the north, deer suffer from them. They are sometimes carriers of anthrax and tularemia pathogens.

Application in fishing

Black soldier fly maggots are also used in fishing. They are suitable for bait and complementary feeding. Carp, roach, crucian carp, redeye, as well as other river and lake inhabitants are good for larvae. And if maggots are painted yellow or red, they can attract the attention of large predators.

What fishermen say

While exploring the Internet, I came across completely different opinions. I will list the most striking of them:

1) It is often noted that the average weight of fish is slightly higher than when fishing with maggots.

2) “Partial” predators bite well. Chub, ide, rotan, perch. But ordinary peaceful fish too. Just as a percentage. Perhaps the peculiarity of the region can be traced.

3) It also performs well in winter fishing. Bream, large roach and especially perch are responding.

4) Small things do not bite readily. For example, small roach up to 150 grams. Although for each fisherman, such a measure as “magnitude” is individual.

5) In the Siberian region, a positive reaction of grayling is noted.

6) Added as a live component to bait when catching bream.

Nutritional value of maggot Black soldier fly

Experts classify the larvae of this species as low-calorie, high-protein dietary food. They are considered more valuable than zofobas and mealworms, and in addition, they contain a high calcium content, which is important for growing and young animals and birds. The ratio of calcium and phosphorus is also optimal.

Protein per 100 g of fresh weight – up to 26 g

The energy value per 100 grams of fresh mass is 186 Kcal.

A valuable quality of Black soldier fly maggots is also their amino acid profile: increased content of linolenic acid (one of the forms of omega-3 fatty acid), the essential protein methionine (animals and birds do not synthesize this amino acid, but receive it only with food). Arginine and lysine are also present in increased content.

Live maggot Black soldier fly is the best food in terms of content and ratio of lipid-protein mass, and is allowed in feeding young and weakened animals, during gestation and feeding of offspring, and recovery from illnesses.

Since the maggots of this type of fly contain the pigment melanin, it is very valuable for ornamental birds and fish - their color is more saturated.

Fighting maggots

Eggs and larvae of flies

Blowflies develop on dead, rotting tissues of animals and humans, as well as in feces, manure, pus, and garbage cans. The larvae help the corpses decompose, thereby bringing extreme benefits. At the last stage of their development, they burrow into the soil and pupate.

Fly larvae do not have a digestive system; they absorb already digested food. To do this, they initially release a caustic, aggressive chemical that dissolves any organic tissue, after which the prepared food is absorbed.

Fighting maggots

The destruction of fly larvae in most cases is carried out using preventive methods in order to prevent them from completing the full development cycle. The following methods actively influence flies to reduce the number of eggs:

Indoors, you can get rid of fly larvae using sterility. Take out the trash in a timely manner, throw away rotten fruits and vegetables, do not leave crumbs on the tables, keep the toilet clean. It is recommended to install mosquito nets on windows and doors.
To get rid of adults and larvae, insecticidal agents are used. In most cases, sprays and aerosols are used. An effective, affordable remedy - Karbofos, Dichlorvos, Raptor, Raid, Clean House, Agita. Death occurs within 2 hours.
The area where garbage cans are installed should be concreted and asphalt laid.
Promptly place fresh poultry, animal and fish meat in the freezer. Eggs die at temperatures below 8 degrees Celsius. Adult flies are instantly killed by -12 degrees Celsius. At 10, females stop laying eggs.
Wash your hands thoroughly before eating, handling food, and disinfecting wounds. Such measures prevent eggs from entering the body and prevent intestinal diseases and myiases.

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