Soil preparation
So, it all started with a field where reclamation work was carried out in 2013–2015, and then sowing and planting of plants that enriched the soil with organic matter and nutrition. In professional language, they are called green manure, noting that such herbs are an excellent replacement for manure.
View of the field
Next, we began pre-sowing preparations in the early spring of 2016. Harrowing took place in two tracks (that is, each pass of the machine - the AT2.7R disk drive - was carried out at a different angle in order to level the field topography). Harrowing should be planned as the soil ripens, approximately in the third decade of April, in order to preserve moisture reserves in the ground and destroy the seedlings of weeds and shrubs. After this work, the surface is leveled using a long-base leveler. We used a couple of heavy tooth harrows as a planner. Finally, in the second ten days of May, the soil was fertilized with nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer 15:15:1:15. The NO 14/6 spreader helped to cope with the task.
Primary seeding
Perennial grasses cannot be sown immediately in a prepared area: it will be difficult for them to germinate and gain strength due to weeds. Therefore, a cover crop is first sown to protect the seeds from the negative influence of the environment.
We sowed treated seeds - a mixture of annuals at the following rate: vetch - 0.70 c/ha + oats - 1.05 c/ha. We used a pneumatic seeder SPU-4D. The cover crop kept the weeds from growing wildly and also provided good fresh feed for the sheep. The excess grass went into compost.
Sowing perennials
Growth period of perennial grass under cover crop
On May 1–3, it's time to sow future perennial grasses. We selected zoned seeds of higher reproduction from the following calculation: meadow clover (Smolensky 29) 8 kg/ha + alfalfa (Nakhodka) 10 kg/ha + meadow timothy grass (Leningradskaya 204 and Pskovskaya local 50 to 50) 4 kg/ha + meadow fescue (Shokinskaya ) 8 kg/ha. Using a pneumatic seeder, the same one used to sow annuals, the seeds were sown at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the rows of cover grasses. That is, annuals were sown across, and perennials were sown along.
Cover crop harvesting
At what distance should I sow alfalfa?
Alfalfa seeds are sown in rows using seed drills that are attached to tractors. The seeding depth is about 0.6 cm. The distance between rows is usually 20 cm or less.
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Determination of storage capacity for silage and haylage
The storage capacity for silage and haylage is measured in cubic meters/ha and depends on the degree of withering of the green mass (dry matter content) and on the degree of compaction of the silage. The volume of storage capacity is calculated by dividing the yield indicator in terms of dry matter / ha per kg DM / cubic meter. m. As compaction increases, the volumetric weight increases and thus the storage volume requirement decreases.
Table 3. Yields and storage requirements for grass haylage and corn silage
*with a meadow grass yield between 90 and 120 centners of dry matter/ha, depending on the degree of compaction, the storage volume requirement is 45-55 cubic meters/ha. **for waxy ripeness corn silage of average yield, the storage volume requirement is 70-80 cubic meters/ha.
Harvest accounting
When using varieties for haymaking, the yield of perennial grasses is taken into account at the onset of the beginning of flowering phase for legumes and the full heading phase for cereals; for pasture use - upon the onset of pasture ripeness, when the height of the grass reaches 15-20 cm.
To obtain high-protein feeds when used in multiple cuts, legumes are mowed in the budding phase, and cereals - in the inflorescence sweeping phase.
Calendar accounting is not always carried out simultaneously, only when the phase begins by variety.
When testing varieties using animal grazing, each repetition of the experiment across all plots is divided into equal parts according to the number of grazing cycles expected per season, for example, 5. Before grazing livestock on the plot for the first grazing, the supply of green mass is taken into account for 1/5 of each plot in each repetition.
The remaining 4/5 of all plots are grazed without taking into account the harvest.
At the end of the first grazing and removal of livestock from the plot, mowing and plot counting of uneaten residues from the remaining 4/5 of the plots are carried out, also with the taking of a test sheaf.
Based on the difference between the reserves of green mass and the residues during the next grazing (translated per hectare), the yield of the consumed pasture mass and its composition are estimated.
When counting individual plants in selection nurseries with individual placement of plants, all green and dry mass is weighed, the structure of each plant is analyzed and the yield is calculated.
