What insects have a pupa? Types, development features

What is a pupa?

A pupa is nothing more than a stage in the development of a certain individual, characteristic of insects predisposed to complete transformation. While in this state, the insect undergoes a complete change in organs and tissues belonging to the larva into the structures of an adult. As a rule, pupae are motionless, they do not change in size and do not eat food.

Having completed the growth process, the larva stops feeding, switches to a sedentary lifestyle, sheds its skin for the last time and only then turns into a pupa. The appearance of the pupa does not allow it to be called an adult, but it has already acquired a list of characteristics that allow it to be compared with a transformed insect. In most insects, the larva is wrapped in a cocoon before it turns into a pupa. The material for its creation is usually silk. The cocoons of some butterfly species are harvested to create textiles such as silk and mascara. What insects have a pupa? The list of them is quite extensive: the mentioned butterflies, praying mantises, hornets, wasps, chafers, house flies, ants and others. Let's tell you more about some representatives of this group.

Protection

The pupae are usually motionless and largely defenseless. To overcome this, pupae are often cocooned, hidden in the environment, or formed underground. [7] There are several species of Lycaenid butterflies that are protected by ants during the pupal stage. Another defense of other puppet species is the ability to make sounds or vibrations to frighten potential predators. Some species use chemical defenses, including toxic secretions. The pupae of social Hymenoptera are protected by the adult members of the hive.

Butterfly

When answering the question about what insects have pupae, you should pay attention to butterflies. Immediately after formation, the pupa of this insect remains open: its small legs and wings adhere very loosely to the body and can be easily bent.

However, the soft outer shell hardens quite quickly, and the limbs are firmly glued to the body with a special liquid. Upon superficial examination, the pupa is very similar to a caterpillar, but if you are careful, you can notice some features of an adult butterfly: the makings of wings, a sketch of the head, abdomen, proboscis and antennae. The durable shell of the pupa, as a rule, is devoid of hair, but in some species of butterflies there are still individuals decorated with a small amount of hair.

What insects have a pupa besides the butterfly?

Gallery

• Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster

  ) doll

• An Emperor moth caterpillar spinning a cocoon
• Moon moth cocoon and pupa
• Assortment of Luna moth cocoons
• A moon moth emerges from a chrysalis inside a silk cocoon
• Moon moth pupa removed from cocoon
• Chrysalida Bay Fritillary
• Raising Aglais io
• Monarch butterfly chrysalis
• Closing sample Dryas Julia

  butterfly

• Pupae Inferna Agromisa

  , a gall fly, in the gall of
  Centrosema virginianum

• Cabbage looper pupa
• Baron Butterfly pupa Euthalia aconthea

Housefly

The female of this insect is capable of laying up to 120 eggs at a time, and over the course of her life this number increases to two thousand if the environment is favorable. The egg develops completely within 8-50 hours. The housefly is an insect prone to complete transformation. Its larvae reach a length of thirteen millimeters, have no legs, the shape on the side of the mouth is pointed, and the tip is truncated. They live in feces, as well as in other rotting substances with a semi-liquid structure.

After about two weeks, the larva completes its last molt and crawls to a secluded place, where it turns into a pupa. This phase of the life of a housefly lasts about three days. An adult lives up to a month, but under favorable conditions this period can double. After one and a half days after the completion of the transformation, the fly is able to reproduce.

Besides flies, what insects have a pupa? There are enough of them.

Recommendations

1. Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects
   (Sixth ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-096835-6.
2. Nielsen, Eric Tetens, and J. St. Hager. "Nursing and appearance in Aedes taeniorhynchus
   (Spec.)."
   Bulletin of Entomological Research
   45.4 (1954): 757–768.
3. Elliott, J. M. "Temperature variations in the timing of emergence and pupation of Windermere alder flies over 30 years." Environmental Entomology
   21.3 (1996): 241–247.
4. University of Minnesota Extension, Monarch Laboratory. "The Life Cycle of a Monarch." Retrieved September 20, 2022.
5. Preston Mafham, Rod; Preston-Mafham, Ken (1993). Encyclopedia of Terrestrial Invertebrate Behavior
   (Illustrated ed.). MIT Press. item 113. ISBN 978-0-262-16137-4. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
6. Boggs, Carol L.; Watt, Ward B.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2003). Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Take Off
   (Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. item 739. ISBN 978-0-226-06318-8. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
7. Chapman, R. F. (Reginald Frederick) (2013). Insects: structure and functions
   . item 419. ISBN 978-0-521-11389-2. OCLC 794624696.
8. "Types of pupa." AgriInfo. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
9. "Pupa and puparia (insects)." what-when-how. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
10. "Insect Pupa Forms." About.com. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
11. Darby, Jean (1958). What is a butterfly
    ? Chicago: Benefic Press. P..
12. Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias
13. Lowe, Tristan; Garwood, Russell P.; Simonsen, Thomas; Bradley, Robert S.; Holers, Philip J. (2013). "Metamorphosis Revealed: 3D Imaging Inside a Living Chrysalis." Journal of the Royal Society Interface
    .
    10
    (84). 20130304. doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0304. PMC 3673169. PMID 23676900.
14. AMNH Archived December 7, 2006 Wayback Machine Accessed December 2006
15. Entomologist
16. Newland, D. E. "Eclipse mechanics, mating behavior, and oviposition." Sesia apiforma
    ."
    Entomologist's Bulletin
    .
17. Darby, Jean (1958). What is a butterfly
    ? Chicago: Benefic Press. paragraph 41.
18. Scoble, Malcolm J. (1992). Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity
    . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854031-0.
19. Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P. S. (2000). Insects: An Essay on Entomology
    (2nd ed.). London: Blackwell. ISBN 0-632-05343-7.

Ant

When looking for information about which insects have a pupa, you may encounter ants. Their life begins with the appearance of an egg, from which larvae very quickly emerge.

By itself, it practically does not move; it is looked after by working individuals: fed, transferred to special “rooms”. Having gone through all the larval stages, the future ant pupates. The insect is not able to independently get rid of the shell covering the pupa, so adults help it finally emerge into the world.

Titles

The larvae of some groups of animals have special names. Usually, when talking about a species of animal, without specifying the stage to which it belongs, or when talking about a species as a whole, the name of the adult form is used, for example: “butterflies are an order of insects with complete metamorphosis.”

Insects

Other invertebrates

Vertebrates

Sawfly larva Tenthredo marginella (false caterpillar)

What are the nutritional features?

You can determine what hawk moths eat by simply observing them. Traditionally it is plant nectar. As a rule, insects have enough protein reserves accumulated in the larval stage.

Hawkmoths, based on their species, prefer certain plants, which is why they got their names.

The pine hawk moth prefers pine needles. Tobacco feeds on leaves, so it accumulates a large amount of nicotine, which makes the caterpillar poisonous. Convolvulus feeds on bindweed pollen. The death's head acts differently: it steals honey from the bees.

Hawk Moth Death's Head eats honey

And its secret is that the butterfly can make sounds similar to the queen bee. This hypnotizes the bees and allows the moth to feast on the honey in peace.

What do caterpillars look like?

The hawk moth caterpillar can be identified even without a photo. These are large, often very bright larvae. Covered with very little hair. The presence of a horn is characteristic, but not all species have it. The color can be pink, white, black, green. There may be oblique stripes and “eyes”.

The hawk moth has quite large caterpillars

There are also differences between each type of hawkmoth:

• The wine hawk moth caterpillar has a pair of large “eyes”; the larva is able to bend, lift the part of the body with the “eyes” and inflate it, which makes the spots even more frightening.
• The triangularis caterpillar is covered with yellow hairs. The larvae's legs have a pattern that makes them look like a reptile's eye.
• The larva of the poplar hawkmoth is green, with a yellow pattern and oblique stripes.
• The lilac in its larval stage is also bright green with pink stripes. In the absence of movement, it resembles a plant leaf, while the horn imitates the stem of the leaf.
• The Euphorbia Hawkmoth caterpillar has black rings on a yellow background. But the legs and head are bright red.
• The larva of the bedstraw hawkmoth is almost black, with yellow spots on the sides of the larva.

Where does the hawk moth live?

First of all, let us highlight the fact that they are very heat-loving. For this reason, they are especially abundant in tropical countries. In the middle zone, moths are less common. About 50 species can be found in Russia. They all love vegetation and live in forests. But there are exceptions: the turanga hawk moth loves the deserts of Central Asia.

Butterflies are awake at night. During the day, they all hide in the thick bark of trees. But the lilac hawk moth can feed around the clock. Before flying, butterflies have to flap their wings for a long time to warm their bodies. This is due to the fact that moths are cold-blooded.

In warm regions, butterflies are found all year round. When it is cold in the middle zone, they hide in a pupa, which is preserved in the soil or in moss.

When it gets cold, the madder tongue migrates to warm countries from Northern Europe.

It is worth noting that sometimes the migration of butterflies is caused not by a decrease in temperature, but by overpopulation of the area.

Some species of this butterfly live in the desert

Where do insects lay eggs, their shape and structure

Female insects lay eggs in a wide variety of places suitable for further development of larvae: on the above-ground parts of plants, inside plant organs, in plant litter, on the surface of the soil, in the soil, in special underground or above-ground nests, in decomposing organic substrates, on the surface or the bottom of reservoirs, onto or into aquatic plants, as well as into the body of the host animal.

The fertility of insects, i.e. the number of eggs laid by a female during her life, is very diverse. In some species it is small - on the order of several dozen eggs, in most it is about several hundred, in some it is several thousand, and finally in mature females of social insects it reaches about millions. In some insects, females lay eggs singly or scattered, but most lay them in groups - oviposition. The size of the oviposition in which insect eggs develop can vary from a few pieces to several hundred eggs. Some insects have a strictly fixed amount of oviposition, for example, 12 eggs in many stink bugs, but for most it is highly variable. Of the special forms of oviposition, it should be noted ootheca - egg-laying cockroaches in special leathery capsules, egg capsules - soil oviposition of locusts, enclosed in dense earthen capsules, oviposition with felt pubescence of moth butterflies, covered with hairs from the abdomen of the female.

As you can see in the photo, insect eggs are rich in yolk and covered with two shells:

The thin inner shell of the egg is yolk. The denser outer shell of the egg is chitinized and often pigmented (chorion). As a result of incomplete crushing of the egg, an embryo develops, growing, differentiating and gradually absorbing yolk reserves.

Insect eggs are very diverse in size, shape and color. Egg sizes usually range from tenths of a millimeter to several millimeters. The shape of the eggs is oval (many beetles, butterflies, flies), elongated (grasshoppers and locusts), spherical (bug bugs), hemispherical (cutworm butterflies), barrel-shaped (scuttle bugs), bottle-shaped (day butterflies), stalked (lacewings) .

Types of insect larvae: worm-like and caterpillar-like

Worm-like larvae are a very large and heterogeneous group. Their body is elongated, weakly divided into thoracic and abdominal sections. Three pairs of thoracic legs are short or absent. Based on the presence of legs and the development of the head, three forms of worm-like larvae are distinguished. Larvae with heads and legs are found in a number of families of the order Coleoptera and have a very diverse appearance.

The larvae of lamellar beetles (beetles and dung beetles) are thick, C-shaped; leaf beetle larvae are noticeably convex on top; The larvae of click beetles and darkling beetles (wireworms and pseudowireworms) are long, thin, cylindrical, with compacted integuments. Larvae with a head and without legs are also found in some families of Coleoptera (golden beetles, longhorned beetles, weevils), in most groups of the order Hymenoptera (ichneumon fly, wasps, bees, ants) and in part of the order Diptera (most mosquitoes). Larvae without legs and an outwardly defined head are found only in the order Diptera (most flies). The head section of these larvae is retracted into the prothorax, the head capsule is underdeveloped.

Caterpillar larvae have an elongated body and a large number of short legs. Unlike other insect larvae, this species, in addition to three pairs of thoracic legs, has several pairs of accessory abdominal legs. These short, undivided larval appendages do not appear in adult insects.

There are two forms of caterpillar insect larvae. True caterpillars - lepidopteran larvae - have from 2 to 5 pairs of abdominal legs. The caterpillars of most butterflies have 5 pairs of legs located on the 3rd-6th and 9th abdominal segments. However, in caterpillars of some families, the number of abdominal legs is reduced to 4 (crested moths), 3 (metal moths), and 2 pairs (moths). False caterpillars are the larvae of some families of sawflies, representatives of the order Hymenoptera. They have a larger number of abdominal legs - 6-8 pairs.

Types of insect larvae: imago and campodeoid

Adult-like larvae, or nymphs, are insect larvae with incomplete metamorphosis. They are similar in structure to adult insects: they have three pairs of well-developed legs on the thoracic region, compound eyes, a mouthpart similar to that of an imago, and well-developed antennae. They have external wing rudiments. Typically, the larvae of insects of the imago type are also similar to the imago in their lifestyle and feeding pattern. Pests with incomplete transformation of larvae and adults always damage plants in a similar way. Some exceptions are the water-living larvae of dragonflies and mayflies, which have aquatic breathing organs - tracheal gills. They are sometimes called naiads.

Insect larvae with complete metamorphosis, sometimes called true ones, can generally be designated as non-imaginous. These larvae may have a different number of limbs, which are less developed than those of adult insects; or they are missing. The larvae lack compound eyes; simple ocelli serve as visual organs. They lack external wing rudiments, the antennae are short or undeveloped, and the oral apparatus, most often gnawing, may have a completely different structure than that of the imago. Insect larvae with complete metamorphosis can differ sharply from the imago in their lifestyle and feeding pattern. In pests with complete metamorphosis, damage can be caused by either the larva, the adult, or the organism at both stages of development. In insects with complete metamorphosis, three types of larvae are distinguished.

Campodeoid larvae (from the Latin name of the primary wingless insect Campodea, which resembles this type). The larvae are active, often predatory, with developed body appendages. They have well-developed three pairs of thoracic legs, fully articulated, their length usually exceeding the width of the body.

Look at the photo - this type of insect larvae has relatively clearly distinguished thoracic and abdominal sections, developed antennae, and large upper jaws:

The integument is usually pigmented. This type of larvae is found in some families of beetles (ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybugs) and in all lacewings.

Habitat

The largest number of Swallowtails is found in Europe, with the exception of Denmark and Ireland. Some species live well in Asia, North America and Africa.

They prefer to live in steppe and meadow areas, as well as forests and mountains. In the Alps you can find this butterfly at an altitude of two kilometers. Representatives also met in Tibet at an altitude of almost 5 kilometers.

Life cycles of univoltine and polyvoltine insects

The life cycle of insect development is a repeating time sequence of development and reproduction processes. The main measure of the life cycle of insects is generation, or generation, the period of complete development from egg to adult sexually mature insect. Depending on the time of generation development, three groups of insects with different types of life cycles are distinguished.

Monovoltine insects are those that develop exactly one generation per year, regardless of external conditions. Monovoltine species are often found among Orthoptera, bugs, beetles, etc. Multivoltine insects are capable of developing in several generations per year. The number of generations is determined by the biological characteristics of the species and weather and climatic conditions. Each species is characterized by a certain but varying number of generations. Thus, the Colorado potato beetle usually produces from 1 to 3 generations per year, the cabbage white bug - 2-5, and many species of aphids - about 10-15. Multivoltine species are often found among butterflies, dipterans, etc. The third group is formed by insects with multi-year generation, the development of which takes more than one year. These include some beetles, cicadas, dragonflies, etc. Thus, bread beetles have a 2-year generation, and generations of click beetles develop in 4-5 years.